title: Beveridge Central Precinct Structure Plan council: mitchell state: vic category: growth-area classification: MAJOR status: approved last_compiled: 2026-05-31 source_docs:
- Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf
- Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-November-2016.pdf
- Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf
Beveridge Central Precinct Structure Plan
The Beveridge Central PSP is a 291.97 ha growth-area plan that converts a fragmented rural-residential and township-edge area into two urban neighbourhoods divided by the Hume Freeway, with 227.07 ha of net developable area and an expected yield of 3,389 dwellings for more than 9,489 residents. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13) Its main planning constraint is not land availability alone, but sequencing: the existing Lithgow Street freeway interchange reaches capacity before the ultimate 2046 network is in place, so the timing of Camerons Lane and Rankin Street access is central to whether the precinct can develop coherently. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, pp.21,25)
Background
The PSP was prepared by the Victorian Planning Authority in consultation with Mitchell Shire Council, government agencies, service authorities and major stakeholders. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.5) The PSP sits within the Mitchell Planning Scheme framework, the Northern Growth Corridor Plan, Plan Melbourne 2017-2050, the Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Sub-Regional Species Strategies for Melbourne’s Growth Areas, the Precinct Structure Planning Guidelines 2008, the Beveridge Central Precinct Background Report, and the Beveridge Central Infrastructure Contributions Plan. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.5)
The PSP applies to land around Beveridge on both sides of the Hume Freeway, with the eastern side tied to the existing Beveridge Township and Lockerbie North, and the western side tied to the Mandalay estate and future Beveridge North-West and Beveridge South-West precincts. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.9) The planning task is therefore a stitching exercise: the PSP must connect an existing township, new greenfield neighbourhoods, freeway infrastructure, heritage places, and regional transport corridors into a single urban structure. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.9,11)
Analysis
Land Supply and Yield
The approved May 2018 PSP identifies a total precinct area of 291.97 ha, of which 227.07 ha is net developable area, meaning 77.77% of the precinct is available for development after transport, open space and encumbered land are deducted. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13) The land budget uses an average residential density of 15 dwellings per net developable hectare, producing approximately 3,389 dwellings and more than 9,489 new residents. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13)
The May 2018 PSP is less yield-intensive than the November 2016 PSP: the November 2016 version used 221.83 ha of NDA, 16.5 dwellings per net developable hectare, 3,640 dwellings and more than 10,193 residents. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-November-2016.pdf, p.13) The approved PSP therefore increased NDA by 5.24 ha but reduced expected dwellings by 251, because the assumed density fell from 16.5 to 15 dwellings per net developable hectare. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13; Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-November-2016.pdf, p.13)
The mechanism is important: a higher NDA does not automatically mean higher housing output if the adopted density assumption falls. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13; Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-November-2016.pdf, p.13) In practical planning terms, the approved PSP resolves the precinct around a lower-density urban form than the earlier version, even though it records a larger developable land base. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13; Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-November-2016.pdf, p.13)
Transport land is the largest land-take category in the approved PSP, with 52.86 ha assigned to transport, equal to 18.10% of the total precinct area and 23.28% of NDA. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13) The transport land includes 18.78 ha of existing arterial road reserve, 14.88 ha of Public Acquisition Overlay land, 2.37 ha for arterial widening or intersection flaring, and 16.84 ha of retained existing non-arterial road reserve. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13) This means the PSP’s road geometry is not a minor implementation detail; almost one-quarter of the developable-area denominator is shaped by road and access decisions. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13)
Open space accounts for 12.03 ha, equal to 4.12% of the total precinct area and 5.30% of NDA. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13) The credited open space comprises 6.79 ha for a local sports reserve and 4.91 ha for local network parks, while 0.33 ha is identified as post-contact heritage reserve service open space. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.13) Passive open space provision is 2.1% of NDA, based on the distribution shown in the PSP open-space plan. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.23)
Heritage and Township Structure
The PSP incorporates John Kelly’s Former House, identified as VHR HO940/HO4 and also included on the Victorian Heritage Register, and the remnant chimney from the Donnybrook and Wallan Wallan Roads Board building, identified as HO332. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.17) The PSP uses these places to anchor a heritage trail along Kelly Street, Spring Street, Minton Street and Stewart Street. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.17)
The heritage mechanism is spatial rather than purely interpretive. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.17-18) Development adjoining a Heritage Overlay place must provide a sensitive interface, parks and shared paths near heritage places must avoid detracting from heritage significance, and housing must front Kelly House park unless the responsible authority agrees otherwise. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.17) The Kelly House concept also shows a heritage conservation area, interpretive public area, visitor or interpretation functions, public open space, and local park interfaces, so the heritage place directly affects surrounding street, park and frontage design. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.18)
The PSP therefore treats heritage as a structuring constraint on local urban form. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.17-18) That matters because heritage is not only a consent issue at the individual site: it also shapes the path network, the location and design of Kelly House park, the treatment of Stewart Street and Kelly Street frontages, and the design expectation for adjoining residential development. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.17-18)
Centres, Employment and Daily Services
The PSP provides for local convenience activity rather than a major activity centre within the precinct. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.27) Camerons Lane Local Convenience Centre is planned for 3,000 m2 of retail floorspace at Camerons Lane and Patterson Street, while Lithgow Street Local Convenience Centre is planned for 1,000 m2 of retail floorspace on a connector road. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.27)
The larger retail and commercial role is assigned outside the PSP, with a major town centre to the south in the future Beveridge South-West PSP and local town centres in Lockerbie North serving the eastern side of the Hume Freeway. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.27) The PSP states that employment will largely come from home-based business and small-scale retail in the local convenience centres. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.27)
This creates an external-dependency pattern: Beveridge Central supplies local daily needs, but higher-order retail, services and employment are planned in adjoining PSP areas rather than inside the precinct. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.27) The traffic model reflects the same structure, identifying only 400 jobs and 400 school enrolments by 2046 against 10,490 residents and 3,746 dwellings. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, p.13) The traffic report explicitly notes that the PSP has a low amount of jobs and enrolments relative to population, meaning trips to and from the precinct are likely to be tidal. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, p.13)
Transport Capacity and Access Sequencing
The traffic model assessed interim 2026 and ultimate 2046 scenarios using the Victorian Integrated Transport Model. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, pp.1,14) The model assumed 2,810 dwellings, 7,867 residents, 300 jobs and 400 enrolments in 2026, rising to 3,746 dwellings, 10,490 residents, 400 jobs and 400 enrolments in 2046. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, p.13)
The model estimated 25,300 daily vehicle trips in 2026 and 29,800 daily vehicle trips in 2046 under the VITM outputs. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, p.15) The first-principles assessment estimated 21,042 daily trips in 2026 and 27,852 daily trips in 2046, using a 7.0 trips per household rate based on Hume and Whittlesea LGAs. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, pp.16-17) The difference between VITM and first-principles daily estimates was 17% in 2026 and 7% in 2046, while the 2046 AM peak difference was -22%. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, p.16)
The critical finding is that Lithgow Street becomes the interim pressure point. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, p.21) In 2026, Lithgow Street west of the Hume Freeway records volume-to-capacity ratios of 1.06 eastbound in the AM peak and 1.34 westbound in the PM peak, which places it at or above capacity. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, p.21) The report states that this supports the need for Camerons Lane interchange to be implemented as land use is realised. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, p.21)
The PSP hardwires this dependency into staging. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.45) Access to the existing Beveridge interchange at Lithgow Street must be reviewed at the issue of statement of compliance for 1,100 aggregate lots across Beveridge Central PSP, Beveridge North-West PSP and Lockerbie North PSP. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.45) Subdivision beyond 1,100 aggregate lots must be referred to VicRoads to determine whether a permit can be issued before a new interchange at Rankin Street or Camerons Lane is constructed. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.45)
The effect is a regional staging trigger rather than a single-precinct trigger. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.45) Beveridge Central’s ability to keep issuing subdivision approvals depends partly on lot creation in Beveridge North-West and Lockerbie North because the 1,100-lot threshold is aggregate across the three PSP areas. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.45)
By 2046, the traffic model assumes the Lithgow Street interchange is decommissioned and retained as a grade-separated crossing, with new interchanges at Camerons Lane and Rankin Street providing the key access points. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, p.1) The 2046 model shows the network operating with sufficient road capacity after the interchange relocation, although Camerons Lane westbound reaches a PM peak volume-to-capacity ratio of 0.94 and Stewart Street north of Camerons Lane reaches 0.91 northbound in the PM peak. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, pp.21-22,25)
Infrastructure Delivery and Cost Allocation
The PSP’s infrastructure program is split across developer works, section 173 agreements, utility provider requirements, the future Beveridge Central ICP, adjoining-area development contributions, council and state capital works, and works-in-kind projects. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.39) This means no single funding mechanism delivers the precinct; the PSP relies on coordinated delivery across council, VicRoads, Melbourne Water, Public Transport Victoria, utility providers and land developers. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.39-45)
Within the PSP area, ICP-included transport projects include Camerons Lane interim works, Patterson Street interim works, Rankin Street interim works, Lewis Street, Murray Street, Whiteside Street, Spring Street, Kelly Street, and multiple intersections including Kelly/Spring, Murray/Lewis/Lithgow, Patterson/Camerons, Patterson/Lithgow, Patterson/Whiteside, Patterson/Rankin, Whiteside/Lewis and Spring/Lithgow. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.41-42) Several ultimate arterial or intersection configurations are identified as not included in the ICP and assigned to VicRoads, including the ultimate Patterson Street configuration, ultimate Rankin Street configuration, ultimate Patterson/Lithgow configuration and ultimate Patterson/Rankin configuration. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.41-42)
The distinction between interim and ultimate works matters because early subdivision can proceed with interim configurations, but the long-term network depends on later arterial upgrades and freeway-access changes. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.41-45; Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, pp.21-25) The PSP also allows interim road cross sections where an ICP-funded road is not required up front. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.45)
The PSP includes community infrastructure outside the PSP required to support the precinct, including contingency funding for a Level 2 Community Centre at Mandalay Estate, land for a Northern Level 3 Community Centre, land and construction for a Northern Level 2 Community Centre, land and construction for a Southern Level 1 Community Centre, and land acquisition for northern indoor playing fields. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.42-43) This confirms that the service catchment is broader than the PSP boundary and that Beveridge Central relies on shared facilities in adjoining development areas. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.27,42-43)
Drainage, Water and Utilities
Drainage is deliberately separated from the ICP. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.39) The PSP states that drainage is not covered by the Beveridge Central ICP because Melbourne Water is the authority for main outfall drainage, and Melbourne Water has prepared a Development Services Scheme requiring developers to pay a levy for each developable hectare included in a planning permit application. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.39)
The practical effect is that transport, open space and community items can sit within the ICP, while main drainage is funded through Melbourne Water’s DSS and local drainage is constructed separately by developers. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.39) The PSP requires development staging to provide for ultimate waterway and drainage infrastructure, including stormwater quality treatment, or to demonstrate how an interim solution treats and manages stormwater while enabling the ultimate drainage solution. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.37)
The PSP requires development to meet Melbourne Water best-practice stormwater quality treatment before discharge to receiving waterways unless otherwise approved. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.37) It also requires overland flow paths and piping to connect across parcel boundaries, stormwater conveyance and treatment to follow the relevant DSS, and lots to be filled above the 100-year flood level to Melbourne Water’s satisfaction. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.37)
For utilities, the PSP requires trunk services to follow the general alignments shown on the utilities plan, new electricity infrastructure below 66kV to be underground, and all lots to be serviced with potable water, electricity, reticulated sewerage, drainage, gas and telecommunications. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.37) Utility placement must avoid disturbance to waterway values, native vegetation, significant landform features and heritage sites. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.37)
Biodiversity and Environmental Constraints
The PSP describes biodiversity significance within the precinct as low because the area has been highly modified. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.25) It identifies Spring Street Swamp east of the precinct as a significant biosite with past records of Growling Grass Frog and Brown Quail, and it identifies Merri Creek and Kalkallo Creek as nearby sites with documented Growling Grass Frog populations. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.25)
The PSP records that Ecological Vegetation Class mapping found the area was formerly covered by Plains Grassland and Grassy Plains Woodland, while the Biodiversity Conservation Strategy identified only small patches of low- to medium-quality native vegetation remaining. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.25) Native vegetation and scattered trees shown on the PSP’s native vegetation plan can be removed if removal follows the 5 December 2013 strategic assessment approval under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.25)
This makes biodiversity a managed compliance constraint rather than the primary land-supply constraint in the supplied corpus. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.25) The larger implementation risks in the supplied documents are transport sequencing, drainage funding outside the ICP, and cross-boundary service provision. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.37,39,45; Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, pp.21,25)
Current Status
Within the supplied corpus, the operative PSP source is the May 2018 approved Beveridge Central Precinct Structure Plan. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf) The manifest also includes a November 2016 PSP version and a February 2013 GTA traffic modelling report, so this analysis treats the May 2018 PSP as the approved land-use and implementation document and the traffic report as a supporting technical input. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf; Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-November-2016.pdf; Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf)
The next practical planning controls identified in the supplied PSP are implementation through the Mitchell Planning Scheme, the Beveridge Central ICP, the Melbourne Water DSS, subdivision staging, and referral to VicRoads once the 1,100 aggregate-lot threshold is reached across Beveridge Central, Beveridge North-West and Lockerbie North. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.7,39,45)
Dependencies
- Blocks: Large-scale subdivision beyond the 1,100 aggregate-lot threshold is constrained by VicRoads review and the timing of new interchange capacity at Rankin Street or Camerons Lane. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.45)
- Blocked by: The precinct is blocked by transport access capacity at the Lithgow Street interchange in the interim network, because the traffic model shows Lithgow Street at or above capacity in 2026. (Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, p.21)
- Informed by: The PSP is informed by the Northern Growth Corridor Plan, Plan Melbourne 2017-2050, the Biodiversity Conservation Strategy, Precinct Structure Planning Guidelines, the Beveridge Central Precinct Background Report and the Beveridge Central ICP. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.5)
- Implements: The PSP implements a transition from non-urban land to urban land and sets the vision, requirements, guidelines and infrastructure projects for Beveridge Central. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.5)
- Conflicts with: The supplied documents do not identify a formal policy conflict, but they show a timing tension between early land development and delayed ultimate freeway-access infrastructure. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.45; Source: Traffic-Modelling-Report-GTA-February-2013.pdf, pp.21,25)
Cross-Jurisdictional Links
The PSP is functionally linked to Lockerbie North, Beveridge North-West, Beveridge South-West and Mandalay because transport thresholds, town-centre access and community infrastructure are shared across those areas. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.9,27,42-45) The 1,100 aggregate-lot trigger explicitly combines Beveridge Central PSP, Beveridge North-West PSP and Lockerbie North PSP for interchange-capacity review. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.45)
The eastern side of Beveridge Central has access to planned local town centres in Lockerbie North, while the higher-order major town centre is planned outside the precinct in Beveridge South-West. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.27) Community infrastructure outside the PSP, including Mandalay Estate and northern and southern community facilities, is identified as required to support the precinct. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.42-43)
State-agency dependencies are also significant. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.37,41-45) VicRoads is tied to freeway access, ultimate arterial configurations and the Lithgow Street underpass, Melbourne Water controls main drainage through the DSS, and Public Transport Victoria is tied to bus services and bus stops. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.37,41-45)
Gaps in This Analysis
The supplied corpus is thin for a major PSP because it contains the PSP text, a prior PSP version, and a traffic modelling report, but it does not contain the Beveridge Central ICP as a full document with levy rates, project costs and apportionment. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.5,7,39) This prevents analysis of per-hectare and per-lot contribution burden, works-in-kind credit exposure, and the split between ICP-funded and non-ICP-funded transport items. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.39-45)
The supplied corpus references the Beveridge Central Precinct Background Report, but that report is not included. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.5,7) This limits analysis of land contamination, detailed drainage, economic and retail provision, community infrastructure demand, history, biodiversity and heritage evidence beyond the PSP’s summary statements. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.7)
The supplied corpus does not include the Melbourne Water Development Services Scheme document or its levy rate, even though the PSP states that the DSS applies and requires a levy for each developable hectare in a planning permit application. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.39) This prevents quantification of the drainage cost mechanism and any parcel-level drainage cost exposure. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, p.39)
The supplied corpus does not include amendment documentation, gazettal material, panel or advisory committee reports, submissions, servicing strategies, or current delivery status for Camerons Lane, Rankin Street, Lithgow Street or the nominated community facilities. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.39-45) Those missing sources should be logged in _gaps as a critical corpus gap for ICP and amendment material, and as important gaps for the background report, DSS, transport delivery updates, servicing strategies and submissions. (Source: Beveridge-Central-Precinct-Structure-Plan-May-2018.pdf, pp.5,7,39-45)
Gap reconciliation: the Beveridge Central ICP is no longer treated as missing where beveridge-central-infrastructure-contributions-plan is present. Remaining gaps concern current delivery and statutory-status confirmation.